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![]() 1. The symbolic coding elements of particular media require different mental transformations and hence affect the mastery of specific skills.
2. The level of knowledge and skill that an individual possesses will affect the impact of
specific media sequences.
3. The nature of the learning/information processing tasks can affect the impact of specific media sequences. 4. The social context of media presentations can influence what message is perceived. 5. There is a reciprocal relationship between media and learner; each can influence the other. The symbol systems theory developed by Salomon is intended to explain the effects of media on learning. Salomon (1977) states: "To summarize, the symbol systems of media affect the acquisition of knowledge in a number of ways. First, they highlight different aspects of content. Second, they vary with respect to ease of recoding. Third, specific coding elements can save the learner from difficult mental elaborations by overtly supplanting or short-circuiting specific elaboration. Fourth, symbol systems differ with respect to how much processing they demand or allow. Fifth, symbol systems differ with respect to the kinds of mental processes they call on for recoding and elaboration. Thus, symbol systems partly determine who will acquire how much knowledge from what kinds of messages." (p226-227) According to Salomon, each medium is capable of conveying content via certain inherent symbol systems. For example, Salomon suggests that television requires less mental processing than reading and that the meanings secured from viewing television tend to be less elaborate than those secured from reading (i.e., different levels of processing are involved). However, the meaning extracted from a given medium depends upon the learner. Thus, a person may acquire information about a subject they are familar with equally well from different media but be significantly influenced by different media for novel information. Salomon (1981) focuses on the reciprocal nature of instructional communications, the instructional setting, and the learner. Salomon argues that schema play a major role in determining how messages are perceived -- in terms of creating an anticipatory bias that influences what information is selected and how it is interpreted. Furthermore, media create new schema which affect subsequent cognitive processing. |
Bill
Isaacs|
Dialogue
Dialogue is a unique form of conversation with potential to improve collective inquiry
processes, to produce coordinated action among collectives, and to bring about
genuine social change. Dialogue involves the free flow of meaning. Isaacs directs the
Dialogue Project at MIT. It focuses on developing an approach to enable groups of
people to disidentify with polarized positions and engage in critical, collective inquiry
into their underlying assumptions and tacitly held views. This critical step is called
"creating a container" for dialogue.
Definition by David Bohm: "dialogue is a sustained, mindful inquiry into the processes, certainties and structures underlying human thought and action.
Isaacs thinks of dialogue as the creation of tangible, self-organizing, charged "fields" of
new meaning in which profound collective insight and reorientation appear, and out of
which people can take aligned and effective action. In studying dialogue, they find that
the process of dialogue seems to involve shifts in the very ground on which people
stand, transforming and expanding their sense of self, and deepening their capacity to
hear and inquire into perspectives vastly different from their own.
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Pierre
Levy|
Any serious consideration given to the future of education and training in the new
cyberculture must be preceded by a careful analysis of the profound changes occurring in
the way we learn and acquire knowledge. In this regard, we must first acknowledge the
speed at which knowledge and know-how appears and is being updated. For the first time
in the history of humanity most of the skills a person acquires at the beginning of his
career will be obsolete at the end of his professional life. The second observation, which is
related to the first, concerns the change in the way we work, where the amount of time
devoted to the transfer of knowledge is constantly increasing. Work is more and more
synonymous with learning, transferring know-how and producing knowledge. Third
observation: cyberspace supports intellectual technologies which amplify, materialize, and
transform a number of human cognitive functions: memory (data bases, hyperdocuments,
digital files of all kinds), imagination (simulations), perception (digital sensors,
telepresence, virtual reality), thinking (artificial intelligence, modeling of complex
phenomena). Such intellectual technologies promote:
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Derrida
Outside
Frameworks








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What does it mean to be a "Knowledge Worker" ? How can you Manage Knowledge better
in
your work-place and why does this matter today ? What Is Knowledge ? How does it differ from
data and information ? What’s involved in Harnessing Knowledge to improve your personal
effectiveness and productivity ? Continuous Learning is increasingly important as is the ability
to
unlearn . How can this be done more effectively ? How can your Time To New Knowledge be
reduced ? Using knowledge for Sense-Making. How can you master change, by making more
sense of changes in the work environment ? How can you help your company intercept and
interpret signals from the market-place ? In what way is your work becoming more knowledge
intensive ?What are some winningWhat does it mean to be a "Knowledge Worker" ? How can you
Manage Knowledge better in your work-place and why does this matter today ? What Is
Knowledge ? How does it differ from data and information ? What’s involved in Harnessing
Knowledge to improve your personal effectiveness and productivity ? Continuous Learning is
increasingly important as is the ability to unlearn . How can this be done more effectively ? How can
your Time To New Knowledge be reduced ? Using knowledge for Sense-Making. How can
you master change, by making more sense of changes in the work environment ? How can you help
your company intercept and interpret signals from the market-place ? In what way is your work
becoming more knowledge intensive ?What are some winning Coping Strategies for dealing with
this development ? How can you deal with infoglut and infofamine ? Why Knowledge Sharing
And Exchange is more appropriate than hoarding in this era How you can increase your
Knowledge Value to the enterprise by improving the way you think, by becoming more creative,
by getting to know customers better, by harnessing good ideas, by helping your company to
become more innovative by leveraging your networks How you can improve your own Knowledge
Competency by identifying gaps, making maps, setting knowledge goals, expanding knowledge
relationships An examination of The Politics Of Knowledge in organizations How can the Flow
Of
Knowledge be enhanced in your work environment, since movement is key How can you more
effectively participate in leveraging knowledge residing in Communities Of Interest &
Communities Of Practice ? What are some of the strategies you can use to gain Access to
Knowledge when you need it ? How can you use knowledge to make better quality Decisions ?
How can knowledge support sustainable Development and Growth ,for you and your company ?
Coping Strategies for dealing with this development ? How can you deal with infoglut and
infofamine ? Why Knowledge Sharing And Exchange is more appropriate than hoarding in this
era How you can increase your Knowledge Value to the enterprise by improving the way you
think, by becoming more creative, by getting to know customers better, by harnessing good ideas,
by helping your company to become more innovative by leveraging your networks How you can
improve your own Knowledge Competency by identifying gaps, making maps, setting knowledge
goals, expanding knowledge relationships An examination of The Politics Of Knowledge in
organizations How can the Flow Of Knowledge be enhanced in your work environment, since
movement is key How can you more effectively participate in leveraging knowledge residing in
Communities Of Interest & Communities Of Practice ? What are some of the strategies you
can use to gain Access to Knowledge when you need it ? How can you use knowledge to make
better quality Decisions ?
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Links